Prehistoric Life During the Neogene Period

Prehistoric Life During the Neogene Period During the course of the Neogene period, life on earth adapted to new ecological niches opened up by global coolingand some mammals, birds, and reptiles evolved to truly impressive sizes in the process. The Neogene is the second period of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present), preceded by the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago) and succeeded by the Quaternary period-and is itself comprised of the Miocene (23-5 million years ago) and Pliocene (5-2.6 million years ago) epochs. Climate and Geography Like the preceding Paleogene, the Neogene period witnessed a trend toward global cooling, especially at higher latitudes (it was immediately after the end of the Neogene, during the Pleistocene epoch, that the earth underwent a series of ice ages interspersed with warmer interglacials). Geographically, the Neogene was important for the land bridges that opened up between various continents: it was during the late Neogene that North and South America became connected by the Central American Isthmus, Africa was in direct contact with southern Europe via the dry Mediterranean Sea basin, and eastern Eurasia and western North America were joined by the Siberian land bridge. Elsewhere, the slow impact of the Indian subcontinent with the underbelly of Asia produced the Himalayan mountains. Terrestrial Life During the Neogene Period Mammals. Global climate trends, combined with the spread of newly evolved grasses, made the Neogene period the golden age of open prairies and savannahs. These extensive grasslands spurred the evolution of even- and odd-toed ungulates, including prehistoric horses and camels (which originated in North America), as well as deer, pigs, and rhinoceroses. During the later Neogene, the interconnections between Eurasia, Africa, and North and South America set the stage for a confusing network of species interchanges, resulting (for example) in the near extinction of South Americas Australia-like marsupial megafauna. From a human perspective, the most important development of the Neogene period was the continuing evolution of apes and hominids. During the Miocene epoch, a huge number of hominid species inhabited Africa and Eurasia; during the ensuing Pliocene, most of these hominids (among them the direct ancestors of modern humans) were clustered in Africa. It was immediately after the Neogene period, during the Pleistocene epoch, that the first human beings (genus Homo) appeared on the planet. Birds. While birds never quite matched the size of their distant mammalian cousins, some of the flying and flightless species of the Neogene period were truly enormous (for example, the airborne Argentavis and Osteodontornis both exceeded 50 pounds.) The end of the Neogene marked the extinction of most of the flightless, predatory terror birds of South America and Australia, the last dregs being wiped out in the ensuing Pleistocene. Otherwise, bird evolution continued apace, with most modern orders well- represented by the close of the Neogene. Reptiles. A large chunk of the Neogene period was dominated by gigantic crocodiles, which still never quite managed to match the size of their Cretaceous forebears. This 20-million-year span also witnessed the continuing evolution of prehistoric snakes and (especially) prehistoric turtles, the latter group of which began to reach truly impressive proportions by the start of the Pleistocene epoch. Marine Life Although prehistoric whales had started to evolve in the preceding Paleogene period, they didnt become exclusively marine creatures until the Neogene, which also witnessed the continuing evolution of the first pinnipeds (the mammalian family that includes seals and walruses) as well as prehistoric dolphins, to which whales are closely related. Prehistoric sharks maintained their status at the top of the marine food chain; Megalodon, for example, had already appeared at the end of the Paleogene and continued its dominance throughout the Neogene as well. Plant Life There were two major trends in plant life during the Neogene period. First, plunging global temperatures spurred the rise of massive deciduous forests, which replaced jungles and rainforests in high northern and southern latitudes. Second, the worldwide spread of grasses went hand-in-hand with the evolution of mammalian herbivores, culminating in todays familiar horses, cows, sheep, deer, and other grazing and ruminant animals.

Endothermic Reaction Examples

Endothermic Reaction Examples Heres a list of examples of endothermic reactions. You can use these when asked to cite an example or to get ideas to set up a demonstration of an endothermic reaction or process. Endothermic Reaction Definition An endothermic reaction is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed energy provides the activation energy for the reaction to occur. A hallmark of this type of reaction is that it feels cold. Endothermic Chemical Reactions A good example of an endothermic reaction includes dissolving a salt. It doesnt have to be table salt, nor does the solvent need to be water. The reaction of barium hydroxide octahydrate crystals with dry ammonium chlorideDissolving ammonium chloride in waterThe reaction of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) with cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrateMixing water and ammonium nitrateMixing water with potassium chlorideReacting ethanoic acid with sodium carbonatePhotosynthesis (chlorophyll is used to react carbon dioxide plus water plus energy to make glucose and oxygen) Endothermic Processes These examples could be written as chemical reactions, but are more generally considered to be endothermic or heat-absorbing processes: Melting ice cubesMelting solid saltsEvaporating liquid waterConverting frost to water vapor (melting, boiling, and evaporation, in general, are endothermic processesMaking an anhydrous salt from a hydrateForming a cation from an atom in the gas phaseSplitting a gas moleculeSeparating ion pairsCooking an eggBaking bread Endothermic and Endergonic An endothermic reaction is a type of endergonic reaction. However, not all endergonic reactions are endothermic. Endothermic reactions involve heat absorption. Other forms of energy which might be absorbed in an endergonic reaction include sound and light.

CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE - Essay Example I will present the manner in which the evidence found on the ground was analyzed and assure the defense attorney that there were mistakes involved in the analysis procedure. I will also give scientific conclusions on the party being represented by the defense attorney to accurately and undoubtedly prove their liabilities and mistakes in the case. Highlight other things which were not done by law enforcement officers in aiding to prove the party suing the others innocence’s (Kupchik, 2006). The importance of the evidence in the above mentioned case was that it enabled both parties to establish the identity of the suspects in questions. In addition, the availability of evidence also encouraged the testing for the physical evidences to determine the connection between the crime and the suspect party in question. Lastly, availability of evidence adds weight to a prosecutor’s case as in the scenario case above; the leg of teenager was indeed broken by use of extreme force. This gives the prosecutor the right to sue the company in question as he posses evidence that he will use in supporting his petition (Martinez,

Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example The Gulf Region consists of six distinct member countries say Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (International Monetary Fund, 2003). The challenges experienced regarding tools and techniques used for the purpose of evaluation will also be analysed critically. PEST Analysis is a Strategic Management device used for scanning environmental variables in macro level of an economy to examine business prospects of a new organization in the economy or to understand the political, economic, social and technological factors that may influence business operations of an organization (Cullen, 2011). Apart from its stable business in the UK, Costa Coffee has expanded its business in emerging nations such as China, India, Pakistan as well as countries in Gulf Region. In this discussion, how the macroeconomic variables prevailing in the Gulf Region influence the operations of Costa Coffee will be evaluated. Political environment of Gulf Region works towards developing coordination, integration and inter connection among the member countries. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is the regional intergovernmental body for controlling the economic and political matters arising out of those six countries (Enz, 2009). Hence, uniformity in trade regulations and tax structure can be experienced as a result of strict monitoring and control of GCC which helps foreign companies like Costa Coffee to expand their business in this region. In the post reform period, Government has taken the initiative to reduce the direct, indirect and corporate taxation to a great extent. Replacing the old tax structure with modern tax laws have resulted in severe cut down of tax rates from as high as 55% in Kuwait to as low as 10% in Qatar. Corporate tax has also been range bounded between 10% and 20%. Such enhanced fiscal policy taken by Gulf Countries,

The Forest - Creative Writing Essay For English Essay Example for Free

The Forest Creative Writing Essay For English Essay There’s a forest bordering the town that I live in. The adults refuse to go near it or talk of what lies within. From the time we consciously understand our parents teach us not to step foot in there because the â€Å"Unmentionable Monsters† will get you. Of course as kids with wild imaginations we made our own predictions about what it could be. The Boogie Man, Dracula, werewolves, ghosts, and all sorts of other ghouls came to mind. These are just rumors made in a child’s mind. The fact in the situation is all those who enter The Forest, never return. They disappear without a trace. No trail, no clues, no nothing. This is where I had issues with The Forest. How can somebody just disappear? From the time of my first memory up until now I have been filled with curiosity. As I grew my instinct to investigate pulled me towards the mystery of The Forest like gravity pulls an object to earth. Then at 16, I found myself with the greatest opportunity hanging over my head. â€Å"So Chris, are you up for it?†Micah Questioned.I’m Chris and Micah was my best friend. To the outside world I was a completely average quiet teenage girl with a polar opposite best friend. Everybody who knew me personally knew I was crazy. â€Å"Are you kidding me? Did you even have to ask!?!† I practically screamed at him.This would be the trip of a lifetime for me. Micah asked me to go camping in the â€Å"forest† with him and some friends. There was no way I would turn him down. That Friday night, loaded up with food, clothes, tents, matches, safety gear, climbing ropes, and more, we set off into The Forest. Trekking farther and farther into the foliage and scanning with our flashlights for danger we finally came across a clearing big enough to set up camp for the night. As we set our tents in a circle Julian, Micah’s brother, finished first and was then sent out on firewood duty. â€Å"Hey Chris, have you seen my brother?† Micah asked and I poked the fire. â€Å"No, not sense you sent him out to get fire wood† â€Å"Then where did that fire wood come from?† he pointed towards the fire I was tending to. â€Å"It was here when I finished my tent. I suspected Julian left it then went to bed. There is a lot here and I figured he was tired after the haul.† I explained. â€Å"Julian is not in his tent.† It took me until after midnight to convince Micah that his brother would be ok and probably just went exploring. With him finally asleep I was able to get some shut eye. It didn’t last very long though. I could tell it was near dawn when the noise woke me due to the pink color that lit up my tent, but the time itself was the least of my worries. Something outside of my tent was splattering liquid on my tent and making a gurgling noise. Thinking it was one of the guys playing a prank I quietly unzipped my tent and crawled around to sneak up behind them. What I saw would be imprinted on my soul forever. Julian was hunched over Katherine tearing at her stomach with his teeth. The dark spots I saw on my tent were blood stains. Lukas body was lying in an unnatural position off to the side. His chest was torn open and his internal organs gone. Julian’s clothes were shredded and it was obvious some of the blood that encased most of his body was his. My mind started to race with questions. â€Å"What happened to Julian in the forest? How did I not hear the commotion until now? Where are Micah and Dustin? Is Julian infected with something? What if whatever got to Julian comes back? Where did the firewood really come from? Is somebody playing games with us?† As I was lost in my own thoughts I didn’t hear as somebody quietly snuck up behind me. It was too late when I did notice because they had their hand wrapped around my mouth dragging me back. I screamed but it was heard only by deaf ears due to the restraint. My capture dragged me all the way back into the forest before releasing me. As I turned around to fight I realized it was only Micah and Dustin. Thankfully, all their organs were intact and there was no blood. At their feet sat a pile of supplies they must have grabbed before getting me, it wasn’t much though. â€Å"We have to get out of here. What happened to my brother while he was out is a mystery, but it is evident he is no longer human.† Micah whispered â€Å"Yeah, but where do we go? Home? I have a feeling we won’t make it there!† Dustin argued â€Å"Will you quit being a pessimist?† I whisper yelled. â€Å"We have to start somewhere and home is the closest town so we head that way. Once to safety we can figure out what the hell is going on.† As I talked my voice became louder and I didn’t hear the audible crack coming from behind me. I did however see the look on Dustin’s face. Dustin was a big guy. There wasn’t much that could scare him. The look of pure terror on his face prompted me to turn around. There standing about five feet away from me was Luka. Lukas body that had been completely demolished now did not have a single blemish. Well, he was fine other than the red eyes. â€Å"Chris why do you look so scared?†Lukas voice was deeper. It was like it was his body but not him. Micah confirmed my suspicion with a single word. â€Å"Demon.†I can still remember the times when Micah and Julian’s grandma would tell stories of how if you died in The Forest a demon could stake its claim over your body. I suspected that was what is happening in this situation. â€Å"Why don’t you come over here Chris?†Whatever was in Lukas body was trying to get into my head. I could feel it poking around in my mind as if trying to take control. I didn’t trust this thing and I didn’t trust Dustin to be strong willed enough to fight it off in his mind. It was time to run. As me and Micah took off into the forest I noticed Dustin stayed behind. I was right he had fallen into the trap. Not long after taking off footsteps could be heard in pursuit. I did the stupid thing and turned my head towards Luka and Dustin. Running into a tree hurts. Then being pulled up buy your hair doesn’t help the cause. I was caught and Dustin was able to make quick work of catching Micah. Hours later I was tied up with MY climbing ropes, in MY tent. Luka had re-killed Julian; something about an unintelligent lower level scum. I had no idea what happened to Dustin and Micah, but I had a feeling their luck ran dry and they were now in the same situation as Luka. Katherine’s body was still on the ground when we were walked back into camp. Because we are pure, girl’s bodies are unable to be possessed. Unluckily for me that doesn’t mean were not entertaining while still alive. Those things outside laughed and enjoyed normal conversation as if they were human, but I knew better. I want this to be a warning to all those who live around The Forest. It is filled with an evil unlike any other. Luka, Micah, Dustin, and I are the only survivors of The Forest, but not all of us survived.

MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy StatementThe marketing communication process begins with identifying those who. MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy Statement The marketing communication process begins with identifying those who will make up the target audience. In this case, the target audience for the MARS Splenda Campaign includes three market segments: diabetics, health conscious younger females and mothers of children between the ages of 4 and 12. The objectives that are taken in this case are as follows: - Create awareness among 90 percent of the target audience. To do this we will use repetitive advertising in magazines, on television, on the radio and billboards. Keep the message short and simple. Make people aware of the difference between sugar and Splenda. - Create interest in the brand among 70 percent of the target audience. Inform people that it contains no sugar but Splenda so it is healthier for your children but also tastes good and may also be eaten by diabetics. - Create a favorable attitude about the brand among 40 percent and preference among 25 percent of the target audience. Do this by conveying the information about the difference between sugar and Splenda in all ads and on the package. Each time you purchase you have a chance to win cool prizes from our online gift shop. Refer people to the website... MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Essay MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy StatementThe marketing communication process begins with identifying those who. MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy Statement The marketing communication process begins with identifying those who will make up the target audience. In this case, the target audience for the MARS Splenda Campaign includes three market segments: diabetics, health conscious younger females and mothers of children between the ages of 4 and 12. The objectives that are taken in this case are as follows: - Create awareness among 90 percent of the target audience. To do this we will use repetitive advertising in magazines, on television, on the radio and billboards. Keep the message short and simple. Make people aware of the difference between sugar and Splenda. - Create interest in the brand among 70 percent of the target audience. Inform people that it contains no sugar but Splenda so it is healthier for your children but also tastes good and may also be eaten by diabetics. - Create a favorable attitude about the brand among 40 percent and preference among 25 percent of the target audience. Do this by conveying the information about the difference between sugar and Splenda in all ads and on the package. Each time you purchase you have a chance to win cool prizes from our online gift shop. Refer people to the website...

Physical & Chemical Porperties of two Metals Essay

Purpose The purpose of this lab is to examine the physical and chemical properties of Magnesium and Copper. Definitions: Chemical change: A chemical change is a kind of change in which a specific type of matter is converted to a new one. Physical change: Physical changes are those in which a change in the form, but not the composition of matter occurs. Physical property: Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter, they are generally used to observe and describe matter. Chemical property: Chemical properties can not be determined unless a substance undergoes a change in its composition. If you answer the question â€Å"Can I get the original substance back?† with no, then you are observing chemical properties. Physical and Chemical Properties of two Metals (Mg & Cu) † Data Collection Data Collection Observations for Magnesium: Process Observations a) Examine a piece of magnesium ribbon. Silver in color, shiny and smooth surface b) Attempt to bend a piece of magnesium ribbon. Breaks easily c) Obtain two 3 cm pieces of magnesium. Clean the surface of each with a piece of steel wool. Still silver in color, still shiny but became more smooth d) Place one of the pieces of magnesium ribbon from part c) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add two drops of phenolphthalein solution and shake for 30 seconds. Liquid turned in a light pink e) Using crucible tongs, hold the other piece of magnesium ribbon in a burner flame to ignite the magnesium. Remove the burning magnesium from the flame and allow it to continue to burn. Save the ignition for part f) Got bright, then melted and turned white f) Place the ignition product from part e) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add 2 drops of Phenolphtalein and shake for 30 seconds. Liquid turned in a light pink, ash is on the bottom of the test tube Add a 1 cm piece of magnesium ribbon to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L HCL and observe for 30 seconds. got warm, liquid is bubbling (new gas created), the piece of magnesium ribbon turned white Add a 1 cm piece of magnesium ribbon to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L nitric acid and observe for 5 minutes. Liquid is bubbling (new gas created), Liquid turned cloudy, got warm Physical and Chemical Properties of two Metals (Mg & Cu) † Data Collection Data Collection Observations for Copper: Process Observations a) Examine a piece of copper wire. Bronze in color, smooth and shiny surface b) Attempt to bend a piece of copper wire. Does not break easily c) Obtain two 3 cm pieces of copper wire. Clean the surface of each with a piece of steel wool. Bronze in color, shiny and very smooth d) Place one of the pieces of copper wire from part c) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add two drops of phenolphthalein solution and shake for 30 seconds. Liquid turned cloudy/white e) Using crucible tongs, hold the other piece of copper wire in a burner flame to ignite the copper. Remove the burning copper from the flame and allow it to continue to burn. Save the ignition for part f) Got warm, color of liquid turned grey, copper wire bends easily f) Place the ignition product from part e) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add 2 drops of Phenolphtalein and shake for 30 seconds. No changes observed Add a 1 cm piece of copper wire to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L HCL and observe for 30 seconds. No changes observed Add a 1 cm piece of copper wire to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L nitric acid and observe for 5 minutes. No changes observed Physical and Chemical Properties of two Metals (Mg & Cu) † Conclusion/ Evaluation Conclusion/Evaluation Conclusion In our experiments the magnesium seemed to have reacted better in our experiments than the copper, although some of their physical properties are the same, both are for example shiny in their color and have a smooth surface.. In three of our copper experiments no change took place whereas the magnesium always showed some kind of reaction to our experiment. But magnesium and copper do also seem to have some reactions in common, as to see at experiment D, where we took steel wool and cleaned the surface of the magnesium and copper, physical properties were observed, the surface of both got even more smooth and it got more shiny. We were observing a physical change in part C where the magnesium stripe broke easily, but the copper did not break easy at all. We were also observing chemical changes such as the boiling of the magnesium in experiment F, a new gas was created. Physical properties were observed in experiment E for the magnesium as well as the copper where the phenolphthalein and the water changed its color to pink with the magnesium and in a cloudy white with the copper stripe, meaning that magnesium, water and phenolphthalein or copper, water and phenolphthalein do change the color of the created. We did not observe any changes in experiments G,H and I for our copper stripes, whereas we observed changes in experiment H for the magnesium part where the liquid started bubbling, a new gas was thus created which is evidence for a chemical change. Evaluation This experiment showed very well how different copper and magnesium react by doing several similar experiments with each of them, but I think there is a lot of room for improvement because I am quite sure that there are either changes or specific properties occuring in parts G to I with the copper. The fact that no reaction took place might have been due to not enough liquid for those experiments, it might have been helpful to either add more or do several trails with each one having a different value of liquid in it. In general it is always better to have numerous trails, this would give us better evidence about changes which might not have been regular, but occured due to unpreciseness when doing the experiments. It might have also been interesting to measure the temperature of the boiling liquid, whether or not there is a difference between the reaction with copper and magnesium or not. We only had about 40 minutes to complete our entire experiment, which was, in my oppinion, not enough time to complete all steps properly with a high preciseness, more time would have been helpful, too.